This has led to the evolution of these cities from being simple to complex cities thatĭisplay the level of intelligence of the city and the urban development. Intelligence and are attempting to meet the needs of the population according to the best _ 86 Figure 32: Crosstalk impairment _ 86Ĭontemporary cities today are heading towards technological development and Typical Analog signal _ 14 Figure 2: Typical Digital Signal _ 15 Figure 3: Basic Block Diagram of a Data Communication System _ 17 Figure 4: Data communication and terminal equipment _ 20 Figure 5: Personal Area Network _ 30 Figure 6: Local Area Network _ 31 Figure 7: Metropolitan area Network_ 32 Figure 8: Wide Area Network _ 33 Figure 9: Network Topology categories _ 34 Figure 10: Bus Topology _ 35 Figure 11: Bus Topology with three stations _ 37 Figure 12: Ring Topology _ 38 Figure 13: Star Topology _ 40 Figure 14: Mesh topology _ 42 Figure 15: Hybrid Network _ 44 Figure 16: Data Transmission Mode _ 65 Figure 17: Data Transmission _ 66 Figure 18: Parallel transmission _ 67 Figure 19: Serial Transmission _ 68 Figure 20: Synchronous Transmission _ 68 Figure 21: Asynchronous Transmission _ 69 Figure 22: Opem wire Media _ 74 Figure 23: Twisted Pair Cables _ 76 Figure 24: Coaxial Cable _ 77 Figure 25: Step Index Mode _ 79 Figure 26: Grade Index Mode _ 80 Figure 27: Single Mode _ 80 Figure 28: Ground wave Propagation _ 81 Figure 29: Sky Wave Propagation _ 82 Figure 30: Line of sight Propagation _ 83 Figure 31: effect of attenuation and amplification.
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